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How is illumination measured in relation to light and radiation?

  1. In lumens

  2. In watts

  3. In foot-candles

  4. In candelas

The correct answer is: In foot-candles

Illumination is specifically measured in foot-candles, which quantifies the amount of light that illuminates a surface. One foot-candle is defined as the illuminance of a surface that is one foot away from a uniform light source of one candela. This measurement relates directly to how much light is available for tasks and activities in a given area, making it particularly relevant in safety and workplace settings where adequate lighting is critical. Lumens, while related to light, measure the total amount of visible light emitted by a source rather than the illumination level on a surface. Watts measure power consumption rather than light intensity or illumination, and candelas indicate the luminous intensity in a specific direction but do not measure the illumination level across a surface. Thus, foot-candles provides the most relevant and practical measurement for assessing illumination in terms of safety and visibility.